英语 · 词汇 02
词汇不只是背单词表:词类决定句法位置,构词法决定猜词能力,搭配决定表达是否地道。
| 词类 | 功能 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 名词 noun | 作主语、宾语、表语 | The library opens at nine. |
| 代词 pronoun | 替代名词 | She lent me hers. |
| 动词 verb | 作谓语,表动作或状态 | He is reading. |
| 形容词 adjective | 修饰名词,作定语或表语 | a quiet room |
| 副词 adverb | 修饰动词、形容词、整句 | He runs fast. |
| 数词 numeral | 表数量或顺序 | Three of them came first. |
| 冠词 article | 限定名词 | a book, the book |
| 介词 preposition | 表时间、地点、方式等关系 | in the box, at noon |
| 连词 conjunction | 连接词、短语、句子 | tea and coffee; because it rained |
| 感叹词 interjection | 表情绪 | Wow! What a view! |
| 规则 | 变化 | 例词 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般 | 加 -s | book → books |
| s、x、sh、ch、z 结尾 | 加 -es | box → boxes, watch → watches |
| 辅音字母 + y | 变 y 为 i 加 -es | city → cities, baby → babies |
| f / fe 结尾 | 多改 v 加 -es | leaf → leaves, knife → knives(roof → roofs 例外) |
| o 结尾 | 有生命加 -es,无生命加 -s | tomato → tomatoes, photo → photos |
| 不规则 | 内部变化 | man → men, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, mouse → mice |
| 单复同形 | 形式不变 | sheep、deer、fish、Chinese |
| 只有复数 | 成对出现 | trousers、glasses、scissors |
| 不可数名词 | 无复数形式 | news、advice、information、furniture、homework |
| 量词表达 | a piece of / a bottle of | two pieces of advice |
| 人称 | 主格 | 宾格 | 形容词性物主 | 名词性物主 | 反身 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 第一人称单数 | I | me | my | mine | myself |
| 第二人称 | you | you | your | yours | yourself |
| 第三人称单数(男) | he | him | his | his | himself |
| 第三人称单数(女) | she | her | her | hers | herself |
| 第三人称单数(物) | it | it | its | — | itself |
| 第一人称复数 | we | us | our | ours | ourselves |
| 第三人称复数 | they | them | their | theirs | themselves |
| 类型 | 词 | 用法 |
|---|---|---|
| 指示代词 | this / that / these / those | 近指远指、单复对应 |
| 不定代词 | some / any / no / every + thing/body/one | some 用于肯定与委婉请求 |
| 两者与三者 | both / either / neither;all / any / none | neither 表单数,none 可单可复 |
| 关系代词 | who / whom / whose / which / that | 引导定语从句,作宾语可省略 |
| 疑问代词 | who / what / which / whose | what 不含范围,which 含范围 |
| 构成 | 规则 | 例词 |
|---|---|---|
| 单音节 | 加 -er / -est | tall → taller → tallest |
| 以 e 结尾 | 加 -r / -st | nice → nicer → nicest |
| 辅音 + y | 变 y 为 i 加 -er / -est | happy → happier → happiest |
| 重读闭音节 | 双写末辅音 | big → bigger → biggest |
| 多音节 | 前加 more / most | beautiful → more beautiful |
| 不规则 | 特殊变化 | good → better → best;bad → worse → worst;many → more → most |
| 比较级句型 | A is + 比较级 + than B | He is taller than I am. |
| 最高级句型 | the + 最高级 + in/of 范围 | She is the best in our class. |
| 倍数表达 | 倍数 + as … as | This room is twice as large as that one. |
| 比较级表最高级 | 比较级 + than any other + 单数 | He runs faster than any other boy. |
| 冠词 | 用法 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| a / an | 泛指“一个”,辅音音素前用 a,元音音素前用 an | a university(/juː/ 起头);an hour(h 不发音) |
| the(特指) | 双方已知、上文提过、独一无二 | the sun;the book you lent me |
| the(固定) | 乐器、方位、序数词、最高级、江河海洋 | play the piano;the Yangtze River |
| 零冠词 | 复数泛指、不可数泛指、三餐、球类、学科、by + 交通工具 | go to school;play football;by bus |
| 固定搭配 | 冠词有无意义不同 | go to school(上学)/go to the school(去学校) |
| 专有名词 | 人名、国名、城市名一般不加冠词 | China、Beijing;the United States 例外 |
| 构词方式 | 规则 | 例词 |
|---|---|---|
| 前缀(否定) | un- in- im- dis- non- | unhappy、incorrect、impossible、disagree |
| 前缀(方向/程度) | re- pre- post- over- under- | rewrite、preview、overwork、underestimate |
| 后缀(名词) | -tion -ment -ness -ity -er | action、movement、kindness、ability、teacher |
| 后缀(形容词) | -ful -less -able -ive -ous | useful、careless、comfortable、active、famous |
| 后缀(副词) | -ly | carefully、hardly(注意词义变化) |
| 合成 | 两词合写或加连字符 | homework、well-known、up-to-date |
| 转化 | 词性改变而形式不变 | water(水→浇水)、book(书→预订) |
| 短语动词 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| take off | 起飞;脱下 | The plane took off on time. |
| put up with | 忍受 | I can't put up with the noise. |
| come up with | 想出 | She came up with a good idea. |
| look forward to | 期待(to 为介词) | I look forward to hearing from you. |
| run out of | 用完 | We ran out of time. |
| make up for | 弥补 | He made up for the lost time. |
背词方法
单词不要孤立背:一个词至少带三样东西——音标(会读)、一个搭配(会用)、一个例句(有语境)。按“词根 + 前缀 + 后缀”拆解,记忆量能压缩三成以上。
本模块共 6 节。检验掌握程度:
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