英语 · 词汇 02

词汇体系

词汇不只是背单词表:词类决定句法位置,构词法决定猜词能力,搭配决定表达是否地道。

01十类词性速览

词类功能例句
名词 noun作主语、宾语、表语The library opens at nine.
代词 pronoun替代名词She lent me hers.
动词 verb作谓语,表动作或状态He is reading.
形容词 adjective修饰名词,作定语或表语a quiet room
副词 adverb修饰动词、形容词、整句He runs fast.
数词 numeral表数量或顺序Three of them came first.
冠词 article限定名词a book, the book
介词 preposition表时间、地点、方式等关系in the box, at noon
连词 conjunction连接词、短语、句子tea and coffee; because it rained
感叹词 interjection表情绪Wow! What a view!

02名词与复数规则

规则变化例词
一般加 -sbook → books
s、x、sh、ch、z 结尾加 -esbox → boxes, watch → watches
辅音字母 + y变 y 为 i 加 -escity → cities, baby → babies
f / fe 结尾多改 v 加 -esleaf → leaves, knife → knives(roof → roofs 例外)
o 结尾有生命加 -es,无生命加 -stomato → tomatoes, photo → photos
不规则内部变化man → men, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, mouse → mice
单复同形形式不变sheep、deer、fish、Chinese
只有复数成对出现trousers、glasses、scissors
不可数名词无复数形式news、advice、information、furniture、homework
量词表达a piece of / a bottle oftwo pieces of advice

03代词全表

人称主格宾格形容词性物主名词性物主反身
第一人称单数Imemyminemyself
第二人称youyouyouryoursyourself
第三人称单数(男)hehimhishishimself
第三人称单数(女)sheherherhersherself
第三人称单数(物)ititits—itself
第一人称复数weusouroursourselves
第三人称复数theythemtheirtheirsthemselves
类型词用法
指示代词this / that / these / those近指远指、单复对应
不定代词some / any / no / every + thing/body/onesome 用于肯定与委婉请求
两者与三者both / either / neither;all / any / noneneither 表单数,none 可单可复
关系代词who / whom / whose / which / that引导定语从句,作宾语可省略
疑问代词who / what / which / whosewhat 不含范围,which 含范围

04形容词与副词的比较等级

构成规则例词
单音节加 -er / -esttall → taller → tallest
以 e 结尾加 -r / -stnice → nicer → nicest
辅音 + y变 y 为 i 加 -er / -esthappy → happier → happiest
重读闭音节双写末辅音big → bigger → biggest
多音节前加 more / mostbeautiful → more beautiful
不规则特殊变化good → better → best;bad → worse → worst;many → more → most
比较级句型A is + 比较级 + than BHe is taller than I am.
最高级句型the + 最高级 + in/of 范围She is the best in our class.
倍数表达倍数 + as … asThis room is twice as large as that one.
比较级表最高级比较级 + than any other + 单数He runs faster than any other boy.

05冠词用法

冠词用法例句
a / an泛指“一个”,辅音音素前用 a,元音音素前用 ana university(/juː/ 起头);an hour(h 不发音)
the(特指)双方已知、上文提过、独一无二the sun;the book you lent me
the(固定)乐器、方位、序数词、最高级、江河海洋play the piano;the Yangtze River
零冠词复数泛指、不可数泛指、三餐、球类、学科、by + 交通工具go to school;play football;by bus
固定搭配冠词有无意义不同go to school(上学)/go to the school(去学校)
专有名词人名、国名、城市名一般不加冠词China、Beijing;the United States 例外

06构词法与高频短语

构词方式规则例词
前缀(否定)un- in- im- dis- non-unhappy、incorrect、impossible、disagree
前缀(方向/程度)re- pre- post- over- under-rewrite、preview、overwork、underestimate
后缀(名词)-tion -ment -ness -ity -eraction、movement、kindness、ability、teacher
后缀(形容词)-ful -less -able -ive -oususeful、careless、comfortable、active、famous
后缀(副词)-lycarefully、hardly(注意词义变化)
合成两词合写或加连字符homework、well-known、up-to-date
转化词性改变而形式不变water(水→浇水)、book(书→预订)
短语动词含义例句
take off起飞;脱下The plane took off on time.
put up with忍受I can't put up with the noise.
come up with想出She came up with a good idea.
look forward to期待(to 为介词)I look forward to hearing from you.
run out of用完We ran out of time.
make up for弥补He made up for the lost time.

背词方法

单词不要孤立背:一个词至少带三样东西——音标(会读)、一个搭配(会用)、一个例句(有语境)。按“词根 + 前缀 + 后缀”拆解,记忆量能压缩三成以上。

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