英语 · 语法 04
时态是“时间 × 体”的二维坐标：四段时间与四种体交叉，共十六格，常用的八格必须闭眼写对。
时态 = 时间（现在／过去／将来／过去将来）× 体（一般／进行／完成／完成进行）。交叉成十六格，常用的八格必须默写无误。
| 时间 \ 体 | 一般 | 进行 | 完成 | 完成进行 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 现在 | do / does | am/is/are doing | have/has done | have/has been doing |
| 过去 | did | was/were doing | had done | had been doing |
| 将来 | will do | will be doing | will have done | will have been doing |
| 过去将来 | would do | would be doing | would have done | would have been doing |
| 时态 | 构成 | 用法与标志词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般现在 | do / does | 习惯、真理、时刻表；often、usually、every day | He goes to school by bike. |
| 一般过去 | did | 过去发生且已结束；yesterday、last week、ago | I visited the museum last Sunday. |
| 一般将来 | will do / be going to | 将来动作或计划；tomorrow、next year、soon | We will have a test tomorrow. |
| 现在进行 | am/is/are doing | 此刻或现阶段进行；now、look、listen | She is reading in the library. |
| 过去进行 | was/were doing | 过去某时正在进行；at that time、at 8 last night | They were playing at six yesterday. |
| 现在完成 | have/has done | 过去动作对现在有影响，或持续至今；already、yet、ever、never、since、for | I have finished my homework. |
| 过去完成 | had done | “过去的过去”；by the time、before、when | The train had left when I arrived. |
| 过去将来 | would do | 立足过去看将来，宾语从句中常见 | He said he would come the next day. |
| 对比组 | 区别 | 例句对照 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般过去 vs 现在完成 | 过去式只讲“过去发生”，与现在无关；现在完成强调“对现在的影响” | I lost my key.（不知现在找到没有）／I have lost my key.（现在进不了门） |
| 现在完成 vs 现在完成进行 | 完成强调结果，完成进行强调持续过程 | I have read the book.（读完了）／I have been reading the book.（一直在读） |
| 一般过去 vs 过去进行 | 过去式讲完成的动作，过去进行讲“正在进行” | I read a book last night.／I was reading when he called. |
| will vs be going to | will 表临时决定或预测；be going to 表已有计划或有迹象 | — The phone is ringing. — I'll get it.／I'm going to visit my aunt. |
| 瞬间动词与 for | buy、join、die 等非延续动词不能与 for + 时间段连用 | 误：I have bought it for two years. 正：I have had it for two years. |
| 类型 | 规律 | 例词（原形—过去式—过去分词） |
|---|---|---|
| AAA 型 | 三者同形 | cut-cut-cut、put-put-put、cost-cost-cost、hurt-hurt-hurt |
| ABB 型 | 后两者同形 | buy-bought-bought、teach-taught-taught、build-built-built、feel-felt-felt |
| ABC 型 | 三者不同 | begin-began-begun、drink-drank-drunk、write-wrote-written、speak-spoke-spoken |
| ABA 型 | 原形与过去分词同形 | come-came-come、run-ran-run、become-became-become |
| 易混高频 | 拼写接近，注意区分 | lie-lay-lain（躺）／lie-lied-lied（说谎）／lay-laid-laid（放置） |
| 易混高频 | — | rise-rose-risen（上升，不及物）／raise-raised-raised（举起，及物） |
| 场景 | 规则 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 宾语从句 | 主句过去时，从句用相应过去时 | He said he was busy. |
| 客观真理 | 从句仍用一般现在时 | The teacher said the earth moves around the sun. |
| 时间状语从句 | 主将从现：主句将来，从句用一般现在 | I'll call you when I arrive. |
| 条件状语从句 | 主将从现 | If it rains, we'll stay home. |
| since 从句 | 主句现在完成，从句一般过去 | He has lived here since he was born. |
| by the time | 主句过去完成，从句一般过去 | By the time we got there, the film had begun. |
解题顺序
做题先找时间标志词（yesterday、now、since、by the time），再判断动作是“点”还是“段”、是“完成”还是“持续”，最后核对主谓一致与语态。三步定一空，比凭语感可靠得多。
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