英语 · 语法 03
语法的骨架只有一条：谁做什么。五大基本句型是骨架，其余规则都是骨架上的装饰。
| 句型 | 结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 主 + 谓 | S + V（不及物） | The baby cried. |
| 主 + 谓 + 宾 | S + V + O | She reads novels. |
| 主 + 系 + 表 | S + V + P | He looks tired. |
| 主 + 谓 + 双宾 | S + V + IO + DO | He gave me a book. |
| 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 | S + V + O + C | They made him captain. |
| there be 句型 | There is/are + 名词 | There are two books on the desk. |
| it 作形式主语 | It is + adj + to do | It is hard to say. |
| 情形 | 原则 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 语法一致 | 单数主语配单数谓语 | He works hard. |
| 意义一致 | 按实际意义决定 | The police are looking for him. |
| 就近原则 | there be、either…or、neither…nor | Neither he nor I am ready. |
| 就远原则 | with、along with、as well as、besides | The teacher, with his students, is here. |
| 集体名词 | family、team、class 强调整体用单数，强调成员用复数 | My family is large. / My family are all here. |
| 时间、金钱、距离 | 视为整体，用单数 | Ten years is a long time. |
| each、every、no | 修饰主语时用单数 | Every student has a book. |
| the + 形容词 | 指一类人用复数 | The old need care. |
| 情态动词 | 主要含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| can / could | 能力、许可、推测（否定） | He can swim. / It can't be true. |
| may / might | 许可、可能 | You may leave now. |
| must | 必须、肯定推测 | He must be at home — the light is on. |
| have to | 客观必要 | I have to wear a uniform. |
| should / ought to | 建议、义务 | You should see a doctor. |
| need | 需要（可作情态或实义动词） | You needn't worry. / You don't need to worry. |
| used to | 过去常常 | He used to smoke. |
| 推测强度 | must > may > might > can't | 肯定推测用 must，否定用 can't |
一个句子只有一个谓语，其余动词必须变为不定式、动名词或分词。选择哪种形式，取决于它在句中作什么成分。
| 形式 | 功能 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 不定式 to do | 目的、将来、具体动作 | He came to help us. |
| 动名词 doing | 主语、宾语、介词宾语 | Swimming is fun. |
| 现在分词 doing | 进行、主动、伴随 | Hearing the news, she cried. |
| 过去分词 done | 完成、被动 | Given more time, I could do it. |
| 只接 doing 的动词 | enjoy、mind、avoid、finish、practise、suggest | I enjoy reading. |
| 只接 to do 的动词 | decide、hope、plan、refuse、manage、promise | She decided to leave. |
| 两者意义不同 | remember/forget/stop/try + doing 与 to do | stop talking（停止说话）／stop to talk（停下来去说话） |
| 独立主格 | 名词 + 分词，作状语 | Weather permitting, we'll go out. |
| 时态 | 被动结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在 | am/is/are + done | English is spoken worldwide. |
| 一般过去 | was/were + done | The bridge was built in 1990. |
| 一般将来 | will be + done | The work will be finished soon. |
| 现在完成 | have/has been + done | The room has been cleaned. |
| 含情态动词 | 情态 + be + done | It must be done today. |
| 双宾语变被动 | 任选一个宾语作主语 | I was given a book. / A book was given to me. |
| 不用被动的动词 | happen、occur、appear、belong、last | 不能说 be happened |
| 主动表被动 | sell、read、write、wash 表属性 | This book sells well. |
| 从句 | 功能 | 引导词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 定语从句 | 修饰名词 | who、which、that、whose、where、when、why | The man who called you is my uncle. |
| 宾语从句 | 作动词或介词的宾语 | that、if/whether、疑问词 | I don't know whether he will come. |
| 状语从句（时间） | 表时间 | when、while、as、before、after、until | When he arrived, we were eating. |
| 状语从句（条件） | 表条件 | if、unless、as long as | If it rains, we'll stay in. |
| 状语从句（原因） | 表原因 | because、since、as | Since you're here, let's start. |
| 状语从句（让步） | 表转折 | although、though、even if | Although tired, he kept working. |
| 主语从句 | 作主语 | that、what、whether | What he said surprised us. |
| 同位语从句 | 解释抽象名词内容 | that | The news that he won is true. |
从句三步判断
一看位置：在名词后是定语从句，在动词后是宾语从句，在句首多为主语从句。二看成分：从句缺主宾用 that/which/who，不缺成分且表“是否”用 whether/if。三看时态：宾语从句主句过去时，从句用相应过去时（客观真理除外）。
本模块共 6 节。检验掌握程度：
去答「英语」题 →